Mari heroes
******** ************Mari mythology is rich in diverse and interesting characters, among which the most prominent are the heroes of the folk epic. In this article we will talk in detail about the life and exploits of 12 Mari warriors. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ At first glance, all 12 heroic characters are different from each other, but many of them can be found in common. For example, the images of Onar and Eden are among the most ancient. Over the centuries, they have been transformed by popular imagination into hyperbolic figures, but in their history one can find a rational grain associated with the idea of ancient heroes who protected the Mari. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ ********************Mythological characters ******************** **** ****
************ ******************** ******************** **** ************ ************ ******************** ******************** **** ****
************ ******************** ******************** **** ************ ************ ******************** Onars******************** **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ According to Mari myths, before the appearance of man, giants lived on earth - onars. They descended from heaven to organize life on earth, and, according to some ideas, were the ancestors of the Mari. Onars had enormous height and powerful strength. Onar was so large that the tops of the tallest trees barely reached his knees, and a plowman with a horse and a plow could fit in his palm. Where he slept, there was a hole in the ground that filled with water and became a lake. Where he poured out the earth from his shoes, hills appeared. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ ********************Iden******************** **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ Born on the banks of the Shygyr River, which flows into the Ufa River. Eden grew huge - his head reached the sky, and he ate up to three bulls a day. Eden was famous as a defender of the Mari. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ When the time came to die, he predicted that hordes of nomads were coming from the south and that salvation could be found in the north, where a new hero, the Sultan, would soon appear. Dying, Eden invited his fellow tribesmen to use his body as a bridge to cross north through forests, ravines and the large Osh (White) River. To make his body hard, he was filled with the blood of five bulls. However, one bull was not enough for the left hand, and it was filled with three barrels of mead. Crossing the river, the Mari walked along his right hand and safely crossed the Osh River, but his left hand could not stand it and burst, drowning those walking along it in mead. Since then, the Bir River has flowed at this place. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ ********************Historical characters ******************** **** ****
************ ******************** ******************** **** ************ ************ ******************** ******************** **** ****
************ ******************** ******************** **** ************ ************ ******************** Chotkar******************** **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ A legendary hero, born into a hunter's family. He matured early and was distinguished by fearlessness and enormous strength. One on one, he went out to fight with a bear; with a blow of his fist he could break a pine tree or uproot a hundred-year-old oak tree. In ancient times, when steppe nomads invaded the Mari lands, Chotkar gathered an army and repelled the invasion. The Mari realized that by uniting they could defeat any enemy. The hero devoted his entire long life to protecting his native people. Even after death, he rose from the grave and helped the Mari in the fight against their enemies. However, one day he was disturbed in vain, and the hero was offended and stopped responding to calls. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ ********************Chumbylat******************** **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ Legendary leader and military leader who lived approximately in the XIII-XIV centuries. He stood at the head of the union of the Mari who inhabited the basins of the Nemda and Pizhma rivers. His residence was located near the city of Sovetsk (formerly Kukarka) in the Kirov region. Chumbylat was distinguished by his heroic strength, severity and wisdom. The Mari troops under his command did not know defeat. In battle armor, on horseback, at the head of his warriors, he mercilessly crushed enemies who dared to invade his lands. Before his death, he promised that even in the dead he would help his people, and the Mari believed that he would rise from the grave to protect them in difficult times. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ ********************Bai-Boroda******************** **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ Kuguz of the Mari lands in the upper reaches of the Vetluga River in the 14th century. The Vetluga kuguzstvo (principality) existed from the 12th to the beginning of the 14th century. Bai-Boroda was a skilled politician and diplomat who sought to free his lands from the tutelage of the Galician princes. He converted to Christianity, without forgetting the faith of his ancestors, and married his daughter Maria to the Galician prince Andrei Semenovich. In 1346, when Andrei Fedorovich of Rostov became the Galician prince, Bai-Boroda began a long war against him, which he won with the help of the Golden Horde troops, stopping the payment of tribute to the Galician principality. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ ********************Kamai******************** **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ The legendary leader of the Mari who inhabited the modern Sernur and Kuzhenersky regions of the Republic of Mari El. Conflicts between the Mari and Udmurts over land arose in the first half of the 16th century. The Udmurt prince Odo gathered an army, intending to expel the Mari, but Kamai challenged him to battle. Kamai won a fierce battle, and the Udmurts were forced to leave these lands. Kamai became famous as a hero and became the patron saint of the Mari. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ ********************Poltish******************** **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ The legendary prince of the Malmyzh region, who lived in the 16th century. His residence was in the city of Malmyzh on the Vyatka River. Poltysh decided not to obey Ivan the Terrible, to die in battle, but free. He repelled the first wave of advancing enemies, but larger forces were sent against him. Poltysh and his army took refuge behind the walls of Malmyzh and withstood a long siege. In a fierce battle, he was mortally wounded, but his warriors managed to escape into the forests. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ ********************Akpatyr******************** **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ Legendary Mari hero of the 16th century, who led the union of the Kityakovo Mari. Akpatyr was adopted by a rich Tatar, and the hero traveled a lot, exploring the world. Returning home, Akpatyr stood out for his knowledge and wisdom, maintaining good relations with the Mari, Tatars and Russians. He was a skilled healer and musician. According to legend, shortly before his death, he chose a place for his resting place by shooting an arrow, which fell near the village of Bolshaya Kityat, where he was buried. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ ********************Pashkan******************** **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ Legendary hero of the 16th century from the village of Yulyal. He was known for his tall stature and enormous strength. His horse could gallop from Yulyal to Kazan and back in two hours. Pashkan took part in the campaigns against Kazan and was distinguished by his reckless courage. In a fierce battle with the Tatar horsemen, Pashkan died, but his feat is not forgotten, and the Mari revere him as a patron spirit - Keremet. The place of his death is still called Pashkan-Keremet. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ ********************Akpars******************** **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ One of the elders of the “Mountain Side” (the right bank of the Volga), who lived in the middle of the 16th century. Он участвовал во взятии Казани в 1552 году и подал царю идею сделать подкоп под стены Казани. За свои заслуги Акпарс был щедро вознаграждён царём. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ ********************Ирга******************** **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ Героиня преданий тоншаевских марийцев Нижегородской области. Она была искусной охотницей и смелой девушкой. Когда в её деревню пришли разбойники, Ирга предупредила односельчан и сама попала в плен. Разбойники издевались над ней, пытаясь узнать местонахождение марийцев, но Ирга ничего не сказала и была повешена. Её подвиг не забыт, и марийцы приходят к её могиле, чтобы почтить её память. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ ********************Мамич-Бердей******************** **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ Сотенный князь, возглавивший национально-освободительную борьбу марийцев после завоевания Московским царством Казани. Мамич-Бердей договорился с Ногайской ордой об отправке царевича Ахполбея к луговым марийцам, надеясь создать государство. Однако Ахполбей не оправдал надежд марийцев и был убит. Мамич-Бердей контролировал левобережье Волги и пытался склонить на свою сторону правобережных марийцев и чувашей. Он был пленён и доставлен в Москву, где, скорее всего, казнён. **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ **** ****
************ **** ************ ************ Богатыри и народные герои в значительной степени отражают историю и мифологию марийского народа. Изучая жизнь и подвиги Акпатыра, Чумбылата, Ирги и других персонажей, можно глубже понять марийский менталитет и историю Марий Эл.**** ****